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Faltonia Betizia Proba

Thumbnail of the work of Giovanni Boccaccio De claris mulieribus depicting Faltona Betizia Proba kept at Biblioteque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits , Western Division.

If Petrarch had written the "De viris illustribus, Boccaccio felt the need to write an opera that spoke of famous women. So he set to work and in just one year he completed his "De claris mulieribus", where through presentazionne of 106 female characters, from Eva to Isis, from Lavinia to Clelia ... wanted to provide examples of the quali meditare, che fossero stimolo alla virtù.

Il grande Boccaccio ci lascia ancor oggi, con la sua opera, materia di meditazione e ci esorta a considerare l'importanza del ruolo socio-culturale della donna nella società di tutti i tempi, oltre che a lasciarci sedurre dal fascino di individualità forti, la cui femminilità è solo uno degli elementi formativi di essa.

Tra i tanti nomi di divinità, figure mitologiche, regine, donne di Stato.... tutte più o meno famose, tutte più o meno individualità di grande fascino, figura quello di Faltonia Betizia Proba , nota poetessa romana, considerata la più importante del periodo della tarda latinità.

Faltonia Betizia Proba visse nel IV secolo.

Apparteneva ad una famiglia aristocratica; il nonno , il padre ed il fratello erano stati consoli. Pagana di educazione, si convertì al Cristianesimo. Fu sposa e madre di due figli. Anche il marito apparteneva ad una delle più illustri famiglie di Roma e ricoprì cariche importanti. Entrambi possedevano gli Hortii Aciliorum, al Pincio. Entrambi, anche se il marito morì molti anni prima di lei, furono sepolti nella Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino.

Le opere che si ritiene la poetessa abbia scritto prima della sua conversione sono due poemi, dei quali solo uno è pervenuto fino ad oggi. Ma è interessante, soprattutto, il Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi o, più semplicemente, De laudibus Christi, composto intorno al 362. Si tratta di un centone virgiliano: 694 esametri su un argomento cristiano: la creazione del mondo, la vita di Gesù, episodi accuratamente selezionati dell'antico e del nuovo Testamento... Un'opera che, nonostante il parere contrario di alcuni, ebbe successo e fu molto famosa al suo tempo, che in un'epoca come quella, di confronto sui temi cristiani e di frequenti "anatemi", superò la "censura" e poteva essere recitata in pubblico, che non fu mai considerata eretica ma fu solo inserita tra gli scritti apocrifici. L'opera, senza dubbio, significant importance, when considered as the testimony of a transition: the transformation of pagan culture dell'antecedente aristocratic circles in the Christian one. Faltona, educated woman, as we attest to his relationship with some eminent personalities his time, creating a synthesis between the Christian element which comes from the Holy Scitture and the pagan culture that came from an excellent classic, in fact the 'work is a rehashing of the Holy Scriptures in the language of Virgil. Faltona with his work also testifies to the existence of women's groups to study the Scriptures, the study provided the previous reflections, and baptism and developed after extensive dialogue with and reflection.

The work, also on the literary, it is interesting for the style that today we might assimilate to that of flashbak, as the author chooses and arranges the verses, taking into account the importance of combinations and their evocative power to give a color, a personal interpretation to the facts. The author will not use technical language, a theological terminology, his vision of Christianity that geared more towards the lively debate theological, poetic expression to the same content doctrinal and spiritual element in the eschatological Christian doctrine of salvation is the center of the work, but it is told with strong color Virgil: civil war that forces us to reflect on the precariousness of the human condition through the chaos, we proceed to salvation from suffering to hope. In this "environment" Virgil's full of eschatological content in this "environment" that starts from the civil war to prophesy a new golden age, the substance of the Christian message of salvation remains intact.

modern spirit, could not be true if you had some awareness that human values \u200b\u200bcan be detected anywhere at any time, the pair plays Faltona Adam-Eve as a model of love free from any kind of desire to possess or submission of woman by the man.

sensitive, as perhaps were the first Christians who were still imbued with the "Roman law", the importance of justice, particular in the human and social, the poet denounces and condemns the greed and selfishness, wealth and fraud and, more importantly, because her testimony in the merger of the most substantial and significant of the two cultures, the "Roman" and pagan "Roman" Christianity, focused his reflection on the responsibility of individual choice. Good and / or bad are the results of a human choice. But the vision of existential Faltona takes on the character more distinctly Christian, when the poet welcomes the theme of divine forgiveness, which in fact Christianity is the most important news.

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Sophie Germain

Sophie Germain is located in the large group of mathematical history of the past and its name is to be joined, for the importance and value of studies she conducted, with that of other prominent female personalities who have distinguished themselves in science and mathematics, where the same Hypatia, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Laura Bassi, Emilie du Chatelet, Vasilyevna Sofia Kovalevskaya.

Born in Paris on 1 April 1776 by a wealthy family and leading to its ideals of freedom, Sophie is still remembered today not only for his contribution to the evolution of mathematical studies, but also as a significant symbol of the feminist struggle for the overthrow of prejudices and socio-cultural barriers against women and of his professional career.

It 's always very interesting when dealing with a knowledge of the process of biographical individuality, to detect some significant relationships between the realization of the fate of this and the influences arising from the training. Thus, even in the case of Sophie, is not irrelevant that his father, a rich merchant, who later became director of the Bank of France and therefore belonged to the bourgeois class which, with the revolution, wanted to assert their civil and political rights, was a representative of the Third State of the Constituent Assembly 1789. She, in fact, animated by the same fighting spirit, fought for several years before he could see his talent recognized mathematicians in the institutions. And like other women of her time is serving its purpose without any hesitation that inhibit its momentum, with nothing constitutes an insurmountable obstacle to its success. His "Bastille" by storm were academics, which had to sneak in even pretending to be men and use a male pseudonym, that of Antoine-August Le Blanc.
Sophie was 13 years old when the revolution broke out and it was the same year that he discovered his passion for mathematics. As often happens, sometimes it is an encounter that awakens what lies in our inner being. Sophie for the decisive meeting was the reading of Plutarch's story, contained in a book for children, the death of Archimedes at the siege of Syracuse: "Suddenly a soldier came into the room and ordered him to go with him Marcello. Archimedes said that he would go after solving the problem and put in order the demonstration. The soldier was enraged, drew his sword and killed him. '. Sophie was very impressed, because he thought how great would have been the scientist's passion for mathematics did not look after him a salvare la vita!

Da quel momento Sophie cominciò a studiare matematica, dapprima da sola, poi sotto la guida di maestri, i cui metodi però lei stessa riteneva inadeguati alle sue esigenze conoscitive, che non si limitavano certo a quelle di una comune signorina di buona famiglia! Lei affrontava già la lettura diretta delle opere di Newton e di altri matematici, opere che poteva reperire da sé nella biblioteca paterna.

Sophie era ormai giunta al punto di aver necessità di percorrere un iter di formazione superiore degli studi matematici e perciò doveva ad ogni costo abbattere ogni ostacolo si sovrapponesse a questa sua necessità: la scuola superiore di studi scientifico-matematici da pochi anni aperta a Parigi che lei avrebbe voluto frequentare non ammetteva l'ingresso alle donne, per cui decise d'iscriversi sotto pseudonimo maschile e così, pur non potendo frequentare i corsi, ottenne di poter avere e studiare le dispense. Dopo un certo tempo, fu notata per la qualità del suo lavoro, dall'eminente professor Lagrange, il quale, fortunatamente, non smise di apprezzarlo, quando lei dovette rivelargli la sua vera identità. Questo evento fu una nuova svolta nella sua vita di studiosa, poiché, sostenuta dal professor Lagrange, Sophie intraprese gli studi più complessi della teoria dei numeri. Aveva 18 anni quando iniziò questo lavoro che l'avrebbe portata a individuare il "numero primo di Sophie Germain, "and that even today is considered the most important of his studies, along with the theory of elasticity. In that same period he began his correspondence with Friedrich Gauss at this time and wanted to use the male pseudonym, to be sure be taken seriously by the prestigious mathematician. He took care of Gauss when Napoleon came in Prussia and recommended him to a family friend, a general, who watches over him, and later, when it came to reveal to him the his true identity, once again was surprised to receive praise and encouragement. The correspondence ended when the mathematician, received the chair of astronomy at the University of Gottingen, perhaps because they are too busy in other fields of research, no further answer to her letters and she no longer supported in his research on number theory from the exchange with the student, he left the field and devoted himself to another.

In those early years of the nineteenth century the German physicist Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni was continuing his interesting work on vibrating plates, and also met with Napoleon himself, the sight of which gave rise to his fascinating demonstrations given to the vibration plate glass covered with fine sand. The Academy of Sciences held a competition to seek an explanation and Napoleon would have offered a cash prize. Sophie participates three times, and while the first two times its calculations contained some flaws, so there was never recognized the work, the third time finally got the recognition. However, he would not attend the awarding ceremony, as believed, after the treatment received in the first two experiences, not a proper appreciation of merit. His work on the subject, memory on the vibration of elastic plates, is considered a text of great value. Sophie wanted to continue research in this direction, but the Board of the Institute of France would not even take into coinsiderazione his article, it was taken inside by the presence of scholars such as the Laplace! The article was later discovered and fu pubblicato nel 1880.

Sophie aveva però vinto, alla terza prova, l'ambito concorso che la riconobbe, a soli 40 anni, una delle grandi matematiche del suo tempo! E, unica donna, venne accolta all'Accademia delle Scienze, dove poteva frequentare a suo piacimento le varie sessioni. A quel tempo un tal privilegio era riservato soltanto alle mogli degli scienziati che facevano parte dell'Accademia.

Questa donna, questa studiosa, questa matematica, anch'essa destinata, come Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya ad una breve vita, morì nel giugno del 1831 a Parigi per un tumore. Non si era mai sposata, il padre non aveva infatti "manovrato" la sua esistenza!

His work in philosophy of science liked to Comte.

Even his name was renamed the place of heaven, located in a crater of Venus!

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ritratto di Lucrezia Borgia

The Dispute of St. Catherine of Alexandria with the front of the Emperor Maximin philosophers of the Borgia in the Vatican Palace, Pinturicchio wanted to give the appearance of the holy Lucrezia. As you can see from the above, we have a lean figure of woman with long blonde hair, whose hands from the tapered fingers with accompanying gesture discuss the graceful and elegant clothes and fine accessories that have nothing in common with the simplicity and purity of the holy dell'abbigliamnerto, as depicted in other paintings. Although some would question whether it's Lucrezia Borgia, this portrait is in the middle of the writings have not extraordinarily beautiful, but discreet beauty, long golden hair, which weighed up to the point of causing headaches , by the 'agile dancing figure "....."
you, the English cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, Archbishop of Valencia, his father, then intended to become as Pope Alexander VI, he loved the most among her children, while instead of them admired and feared his son, Caesar, was born in Subiaco April 18, 1480. His mother was Vannozza Cattanei, the Countess of Mantua lover for many years of Rodrigo. The girl Lucrezia was educated in a convent. It then passed into the care of Adriana Mila, a cousin of his father, and establishes a relationship of deep friendship, which lasted throughout his life, his daughter, Giulia Farnese, which some said loving father. Apart from his illegitimate birth, Lucrezia, pride of the father, could be considered to have all the luck and spent a 'joyful and happy adolescence.

But for women of her time to go natural was married very young to those who chose for her father, Lucrezia, thirteen, was joined by proxy, in marriage twenty-six to Giovanni Sforza, Duke of Pesaro, but nephew of the powerful Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. The reason of state prevailed, and Lucrezia was carried out in its new home as a wife in Pesaro, far from the tenderness of family affection and exciting and lavish life of the Roman court. But not long after that Lucrezia moved back to Rome, while John remained in Pesaro. Alexander asked for the annulment of the marriage impotence of the groom, who denied it and accused him of incest with his daughter. Lucrezia, meanwhile, a young girl who had become careless in a very short time, the subject of this scandal, he retired to a monastery. And, after several practices and inspections, the marriage was annulled, the dowry returned and said that the cancellation was ordered by Alexander to send a wedding Lucrezia cheaper. He also said that Alexander would have removed John and that he had ordered the killing, so that the same Lucrezia, having been informed, has warned her husband and had helped him to escape. But what the truth is in those intricate years, not surprising that it is really difficult to know when and to our times, there are cases that seem destined to remain unsolved forever! And who, in this tug of war under the power is stronger, and win with him at times perhaps even its truth.

the sad experience of the failed marriage, the young, followed soon after a new and deeper sorrow the death of his brother, the Duke of Gandia, who had been suspected to be killed in revenge by the Sforza of onto suffered, but it also said it had been made to kill her Caesar's brother out of jealousy, because much loved by his father for greed and power.

not seem likely - depending on the version of the test does not exist - that Alexander has deemed to break the bond of marriage between Lucrezia and Giovanni for opportunistic political purposes, but it seems that the story of Lucretia on its relations with your spouse it was true: almost certainly the marriage had not been consumed for the same too immature age of the bride. However, the daughter of a powerful father could not remain without a major new husband and Alexander certainly continued to pursue its political goals in the design of which the daughter had to have a major ruol0 (paternal love? ... . it seems that this was the only way to conceive at that time!) as Lucrezia then married Don Alfonso, Duke of Bisceglie, bastard nephew of the King of Naples, with whom Alexander wanted to reconcile. He was just seventeen and it seems that it is now in love with Lucrezia. Now that she had made 18 he could even be regarded as experienced and capable as his guide. But, alas, their tender young love had a very uncomfortable frame: the political, which leaves no way of changing alliances, the impact on the affections of the scions of powerful families! So, after his brother Caesar was brought to France to ask for the hand of Carlotta of Aragon, who was under the protection of King Louis XII, hope, and with him the father AlessandroVI, can thus ensure that the succession the kingdom of Naples, and after Charlotte had rejected this offer, relations with the Kingdom of Naples cracks, while those with Louis XII, arch enemy of the King of Naples, intensified as it Caesar married the French king's nephew, Charlotte d'Albret, receiving the title of Duke of Valentinois, hence the nickname of the Duke Valentino. In cambio il re di Francia ricevette dal papa l'annullamento del suo precedente matrimonio e potè sposare la donna che amava. Da questa nuova allenaza derivò una sempre crescente presenza di emissari francesi alla corte romana e il giovane Alfonso, non riuscendo a tollerarla, fuggì a Napoli, lasciando Lucrezia nella disperazione. Per consolarla Alessandro la elesse reggente di Spoleto e qui la raggiunse Alfonso e, non molto tempo dopo i due giovani sposi furono ricondotti a Roma da Alessandro. Qui Lucrezia diede alla luce il piccolo Rodrigo. C'è chi dice che precedentemente da un rapporto sentimentale avuto durante le trattative dell'annullamento del suo precedente matrimonio, Lucrezia abbia avuto un figlio, ma l'attendibilità della fonte è still much debated.

no avail, however, neither the power of love that had kept them tied up to now neither the joy of a child to lasting marriage this bond, since it was defeated and broken by another force: that of disagreement, dell'antipatia of suspicion. In a climate of lack of morality and debauchery of impulses of passion, betrayal and greed in which they were sovereign power, there was no room for feelings of affection and loyalty of love and hatred was right!

Thus, was born and grew up to become abnormal, and the antipathy with her suspicion and enmity between the two relations, the night of 15 July 1500 some "good" assalirono Alfonso mentre usciva da San Pietro. Alfonso, malgrado le numerose ferite, riuscì a trascinarsi fino alla casa del cardinale di Santa Maria in Portico, dove, subito avvertita, convenne presto Lucrezia, che dicono sia dapprima svenuta a vederlo così ridotto, rinvenuta poi, lo assistette fino alla guarigione. Ma nell'animo di Alfonso restò la convinzione che il mandante della sua aggressione fosse Cesare ed un giorno che lo vide passeggiare non distante gli scoccò contro una freccia che, però, lo mancò. Questo suo gesto divenne il pretesto perché Cesare mandasse delle sue guardie a soffocarlo nei suoi appartamenti. Alessandro si lasciò convincere da Cesare e dopo un'affrettata sepoltura ad Alfonso, si mise a cercare Lucrezia to console the inconsolable. From Nepi, where it was withdrawn. This signed his letters with "the unhappy princess" and so, despite his pain, he kept alive throughout his life, the brotherly affection towards Caesar, who in fact did not appear to never held responsible for the death of her beloved husband. Maybe it's because Caesar, as his padreAlessandro, loved her with the intensity of the Spaniards, who crept on suspicion of incest? Lucrezia patiently endured a clerk called the Neapolitan "daughter, wife and daughter of the pope." Most scholars who have studied the history of the time, he says, without a shadow of a doubt that these slanders were belle e buone, calunnie crudeli, sulle quali peraltro si innestò la sua fama di donna fatale di donna abile e senza scrupoli, degna componente della potente famiglia Borgia.
Qualche tempo dopo questi fatti dolorosi, Lucrezia sposò il suo terzo marito, Alfonso I, figlio del duca Ercole di Ferrara. Matrimonio indubbbiamente vantaggioso per Cesare, che si sentiva così più sicuro nelle sue conquiste, dato che avrebbe, in caso di eventuali attacchi alle spalle contro Bologna, avrebbe potuto contare su una copertura. Le iniziali esitazioni del duca Ercole e dello stesso Alfonso, cui era stata proposta la contessa di Angouleme, erano state presto fugate dalla cospicua dote di Lucrezia. Ma, nonostante la "cospicua dote", - ci si chiede - una delle più antiche famiglie regnanti d'Europa avrebbe accettato Lucrezia come moglie del futuro duca, se le voci sul suo conto fossero state corrispondenti al vero? Nè Ercole nè Alfonso conoscevano Lucrezia e, secondo la consuetudine dell'epoca, chiesero informazioni sul fisico ( aspetto e salute) sulla moralità sull'educazione della giovane donna e così fu loro risposto dall'ambasciatore ferrarese: "....oltre a essere cortese, essa è pure modesta e discreta,e pratica devotamente la religione cristaiana.... la sua bellezza è meravigliosa, ma più meravigliosa è la sua raffinatezza di maniere. Insomma il suo carattere è tale che non è possibile sospettare nulla di "sinistro" in lei....".
200 horsemen fully armed and musicians and clowns were the stock held by Caesar for his sister who was married to Alfonso. And Alexander, fierce and proud, he added 180 people, including five bishops. 150 mules were loaded its equipment, including a suit in the supreme value of 15,000 ducats and a cap of 10,000 ducats corsets and 200 each from the price of 100 ducats. Lucretia, after he greeted his mother, ascended the English sound horse all decked with gold and leather harness, and his father Alessandro, sensing that he would never see her again, she went from one part of the parade to make sure that everything was perfect. Never before had seen such a procession from Rome and arrive at Ferrara, where, after 27 days of travel, Lucrezia and Alfonso met Hercules who came accompanied by a huge parade of nobles, university professors, 75 archers, including 80 pipers and trumpeters, 14 carriages of ladies richly dressed members of high society.
not apppena the procession had come to the cathedral, were freed political prisoners, the people rejoiced and Alfonso was happy to give a true bride so charming and surrounded by such splendor.

Someone said that this marriage has been accepted by the dukes of Ferrara, for fear of Caesar, but even if that were the case, it is established that Lucrezia, who by this marriage gave birth to six children, two of whom died in infancy and four others became important figures of the Renaissance Society, he lived his life as the Duchess of Ferrara in a manner consistent with its role and if he had at the beginning of lovers, including Pietro Bembo seems the same, it belonged to the custom of many women of her rank, though not tiutte, already in his time.

Lucrezia he was admired especially for his patronage.

In the last years of his life a profound religious crisis convinced her to become a Franciscan tertiary. He died in Ferrara on June 24, the day of San Giovanni, in 1519.
About her many stories that circulate, like the very famous ring which plunged in Cantarella, a powerful poison of his own invention, with which to deliver painful death ....

But all the documents of the time I speak as a woman "decorosissima.

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If the Bologna Laura Bassi was the first woman in Europe to be a university professor in 1776 and finally, after years' intensive research in of the mathematical sciences, was recognized by the Senate of Bologna likely to teach physics, mathematics, Russian Vasilyevna Sofia Kovalevskaya was the first woman in the world to obtain a university: in Sweden, she moved with her daughter after the death of her husband in 1883, here, at Stockholm University he obtained the chair of mathematics, with the obligation to keep the lessons in German for the first year of teaching in Swedish and the following year.
Vasilyevna Sofia Kovalevskaya, who besides being a mathematician, was also an interesting writer and also a political activist, was born in Moscow, January 15, 1850 from a noble family. The passion for science and mathematics studies no doubt inherited from the father's family, is the fact that his grandfather's great-grandfather had acquired the reputation as a skilful mathematician, the other for his passionate study of astronomy. Undoubtedly, the small Sofia lived in a family that joined the aristocracy of caste, the great value of culture: he was eight years old when he began his mathematical studies. But this is not surprising if we think that many other women who then became famous for culture and personality began their studies, even mathematicians sometimes at this age and if we consider that the studies of mathematics, in many educational systems, are rated as training to accompany the man from the beginning, in the process of education and culture. We are amazed but the precocity of his intellect and curiosity keen that the little Sofia appeared early, as she herself tells us in his diary, Souvenirs d'enfance, in which the writer says that the first time with his family had moved farm, mancando la carta da parati per la camera da bambini, questa fu in parte rivestita con dei fogli litografati sul calcolo differenziale e integrale. Sofia, attirata da queste immagini, trascorreva ore a cercare di decifrare queste formule misteriose ed incomprensibili.

Era appena una diciottenne, quando, come sempre accadeva ai suoi tempi, sposò Vladimir O. Kovalevskjj con un matrimonio combinato. Egli era pure era un giovane studioso: un paleontologo. I due giovani sposi si trasferirono allora in Germania, ad Heidelberg, dove avrebbero intrapresero studi universitari. Nè Sofia avrebbe potuto farlo da sola, poiché ai suoi tempi non le sarebbe stato concesso se non accompagnata dal consenso del padre o del marito. Around 1870 Sofia and her husband were in Berlin, when Professor Karl Veierstrass, having been very impressed by the brilliance of his mathematical studies, he wanted his assistant, as well as its cultural activities took her to Paris, and out of the Gottingen His first publications, while she took care to leave friends and revolutionaries took sides on the front lines of opposition.

was in 1875 when he published his theorem Cauchy- Kovalevski.

few years later, in 1881, Sofia won the coveted title of member of the Mathematical Society of Moscow. Back in Germany, gave birth to her only figlia,ma poco tempo dopo, al suicidio del marito, entrambe si trasferirono in Svezia, dove Sofia cambiò anche nome, assumendo quello, peraltro assai simile, di Sonya Kovalevsky.

Durante il periodo della sua attività accademica, le furono tributati titoli onorifici di grande rilievo quali, nel 1888, il Prix Bordin dall'Accademia delle Scienze di Parigi e, l' anno seguente, il titolo di Accademico dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Russia, di cui era già stata eletta membro, e, nel medesimo anno ricevette il Premio della Reale Accademia di Svezia.

Era nata nel gennaio del 1850 a Mosca, morì nello stesso mese di gennaio, il 19 del 1891 a Stoccolma: una polmonite aveva stroncato prematuramente la sua ancor giovane vita e la sua preziosissima attività di matematica.

La sua attività negli studi scientifico-matematico ebbe come oggetto: la teoria della rotazione di un corpo rigido,che la condusse a scoperte molto significative che dovevano poi influire sugli studi successivi; il problema di Cauchy; il problema di Laplace e gli anelli di Saturno, ....... Non c'è da stupirsi che eminenti scienziati si occuparono dei suoi studi e ne trattarono nei loro libri.

Ma anche la sua attività letteraria merita un cenno: qui non conquistò titoli nè ambite honors, but captured readers for its lively and passionate nature, the desire, common to the human heart, the experience of love, to sigh softly yet emerged from the depths of a soul suffering ... for loneliness, disappointment ... the moments of misery .... but also the joys and hopes! We tell the affable and smiling, friendly, sensitive, acute and scope for reflection, with creativity and artistic passion.

He gave us, among his best works, The Diary of George Eliot, a memoir of childhood ... the memoirs and poems of the Polish uprising .... ....

the Russians hanno dedicato dei film, che raccontano la sua vita ...

Sulla superficie della Luna c'è un cratere a lei dedicato dal nome:cratere Kovalevsakaya.

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Isabella d'Este

Il 17 maggio 1474 a Ferrara nasceva Isabella d'Este e solo pochi mesi più tardi, l'8 settembre, a Reggio Emilia, anche lui di nobili natali, nasceva il futuro autore dell'Orlando Furioso, che di Isabella avrebbe detto che non si sarebbe potuto scegliere tra le sue tante doti quale apprezzare more. The poet, the artist who most embodies the ideal of balance and harmony inherent to the men of the Renaissance, in the service of two brothers d'Este, Ippolito first and then Alfonso, Isabella's praised not only the grace, beauty, 'friendliness, but also the intelligence, culture and patronage. And he himself wrote, in fact, his poem having as patron Isabella and her husband Francesco II Gonzaga. Ariosto was not the only "great" to have received the hospitality of the Marquis of Mantua, as well as Raphael, Leonardo, Mantegna, Titian, and musicians such as frother and Carafurono called and / or accepted at the court of Mantua. It was not the only one who wanted to enhance his work with the noble heroic origins of the Marquis Gonzaga, as Bembo, Ariosto and Tasso dedicated their works to Isabella, however, that he collected books and works of art with intelligence and discernment, like someone who knows and therefore choose to study and investigate and classify. Nor Ariosto was the only one to praise the person of Isabella. They remained still famous phrases of appreciation on her from all quarters, as well as portraits of famous people that made her look more alive and gives it to us when they have the chance to pause and look at the features elegant of his face and the folds of her elegant clothes. He was the poet Niccolo da Correggio, related to the Este family and serving the same, which he named Isabella " The first woman in the world "and often, in fact, is remembered as the first lady of the Renaissance. Certainly not, this, as much for his social and political life and especially as to his person, which, in every aspect of life that the fate would give it, so well embodied the ideal of perfection, harmony and beauty that inspired the Renaissance thought and feeling, turning the creation of works that conform. Besides, Isabella and Francesco recognized as a landmark the model of life indicated by the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione.

Bella, even if not exceptionally beautiful, but very attractive woman and gentle charm, a charm especially that derived from intelligence and acuity of his speech and his actions, Isabella, as other women to life posed by the government of a State, was able to establish and maintain relations of friendship with the most eminent men of his time : dukes, princes, kings .... , Scholars, artists, poets ... and characterized by a feel and a good sense, which however, lacked his wife, knew how to hold the reins of government both during the illness of Francis after his death, as regent of her son Federico. He negotiated with skillful diplomacy with Cesare Borgia, who had ousted the Duke of Urbino, Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, the husband of her very dear sister Elizabeth and did not hesitate to ask the Cupid of Michelangelo he had stolen during the capture of Urbino. He got one of his seven children, Hercules, became a cardinal and the Marquis of Mantua was a duchy. He became a role model and elegance throughout Europe. After all, his ancestors were of distinguished lineage and had covered a leading role among the statesmen of the time: Ercole d'Este of Ferrara's father, Eleanor of Aragon, daughter of the King of Naples, his mother. His sister was married to Beatrice d'Este, Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan.

The little Isabella, who just six years had been engaged to a teenager of 14, Francesco Gonzaga, she lived in an environment, to Ferrara, then considered the most brilliant of Italy, full of poets, scholars and artists ... she was already a prodigy of intellectuality. And as it was agreed to every girl belonging to the privileged caste, his education continued in the years ahead and it is said that Isabella excelled in everything: embroidery, dance, music ... They say they danced as if she had wings on their feet, to write verses, which were intended for music and musical instruments, preferring those strings, like the lute and harpsichord playing to perfection, with those winds, which he considered rather associated vice, he knew very well the game of chess .... It was clear complexion, her hair shone like gold, a look of light shining in his eyes blacks. The boyfriend, Francisco Gonzaga, was different from her since nell'aspeto: brown, bushy hair blacks, fond of hunting and war and women. Brave, yes, but little noticed in the war; unfaithful in marriage, he had a mistress fixed soon. Isabella, like some other prestigious sovereign of all time, he pretended not to notice and continued his life also full of activity and movement, meetings and travel. And, from superior person he was, he intensified his dedication to the arts to literature to friends, never cease to assist with his precious advices Francis, unfaithful husband and the man was not always up to the complexity of its tasks, and this she made perhaps to escape from the emptiness of love of his life as a woman and the disappointment of the bride. Isabella, however, found a safe haven in the deep friendship that bound her, cheerful and bright and keen interest in the arts and literature, his sister Beatrice, less passionate in the world of culture and art, and sister Elizabeth of nature serious, reserved and rather poor health.
And then there was the ruling passion of his life: to collect manuscripts, statues, paintings, jewelery ... There were friends and acquaintances and experts to meet and deal with them, so help her to find rarities, there were scholars to take: that Manuel print edition of the classic choices, from the ancient greek translation that translating Plutarch, a jew who translate the Psalms in order to maintain their original artistic value .... And while gathered around him scholars and artists and accumulated books and art treasures, while reading, knowing and respecting the classics and especially Plato, his personal tastes rather than the orientation towards the romance, to her the same time, to Ariosto and Tasso then also.

But Isabella, the woman was never an intellectual erudition, or the interest and attention to all forms of knowledge and prevented her from staying creative woman, charming and refined, which indeed was very fond of things beautiful jewelry, fashionable clothing, furnishings.

How to widespread custom in his day, was interested in astrology and took into account for its decisions "advice" of the stars. The dwarves liked and enjoyed them so much that he wanted to present in its follow-up and that they had built to dimensoni appropriate to their stature in the palace know. Dogs and cats were always in her room. For them, the funeral was awesome!

The Ducal Palace, which connected buildings of various ages and that the outside looked a bit like a fortress, was elegantly furnished rooms, of which those used to be inhabited by her Isabella used to change depending on various Hourly and occupations where they operated.

And despite the financial situation concedesse not sufficient means to enrich its collections, however, had Michelangelo's sculptures, paintings by Mantegna and Perugino ... not the money, most of the time, but many were much praise as reward of the works that the artists they provided! But sometimes, wanting to get valuable works, the praise were not enough and so, for example in the case of the passage of the Red Sea by Jan van Eyck, to buy costrettta was to use a big debt.

Isabella was 55 years old when he made the Titian portrait, now lost, which is a copy of Rubens, the Duchess of Mantua, where there appears to be a woman still attractive. In fact, despite his having to bear the invalidity of Francis, grooming him for the first child later, keep the reins of a complicated diplomatic game between the States and the principles, until the end of his days Isabella amused, flattered, avvinse and kept all her vivacity, promptitude of his intelligence, balance and wisdom of his choices.

During the sack of Rome in 1527 was among the cardinals of Pope Clement VII, who, under the pretext of wanting to retain as directing the salons, in fact held her captive. Being able to escape, thanks to its usual capacity, then housed and protected in his palace around 2000 people. His palace was neither sacked besieged even less!

Isabella instead got the coveted cardinal's office for his son Hercules!

Isabella d'Este, Pietro Bembo defined by the wisest woman and luckiest of all, was 64 when he died. Today it is still buried in the Chapel of Signoori in the church of San Francesco in Mantua.